On the Use of Gallic Acid as a Potential Natural Antioxidant and Ultraviolet Light Stabilizer in Cast-Extruded Bio-Based High-Density Polyethylene Films

This study originally explores the use of gallic acid (GA) as a natural additive in bio-based high-density polyethylene (bio-HDPE) formulations. Thus, bio-HDPE was first melt-compounded with two different loadings of GA, namely 0.3 and 0.8 parts per hundred resin (phr) of biopolymer, by twin-screw extrusion and thereafter shaped into films using a cast-roll machine. The resultant bio-HDPE films containing GA were characterized in terms of their mechanical, morphological, and thermal performance as well as ultraviolet (UV) light stability to evaluate their potential application in food packaging. The incorporation of 0.3 and 0.8 phr of GA reduced the mechanical ductility and crystallinity of bio-HDPE, but it positively contributed to delaying the onset oxidation temperature (OOT) by 36.5 °C and nearly 44 °C, respectively. Moreover, the oxidation induction time (OIT) of bio-HDPE, measured at 210 °C, was delayed for up to approximately 56 and 240 min, respectively. Furthermore, the UV light stability of the bio-HDPE films was remarkably improved, remaining stable for an exposure time of 10 h even at the lowest GA content. The addition of the natural antioxidant slightly induced a yellow color in the bio-HDPE films and it also reduced their transparency, although a high contact transparency level was maintained. This property can be desirable in some packaging materials for light protection, especially UV radiation, which causes lipid oxidation in food products. Therefore, GA can successfully improve the thermal resistance and UV light stability of green polyolefins and will potentially promote the use of natural additives for sustainable food packaging applications

Nanomaterials to enhance food quality, safety, and health impact

This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials to Enhance Food Quality, Safety, and Health Impact.Food quality and safety are key aspects to guarantee that foods reach consumers in optimal conditions from the point of view of freshness and microbiology. Nanotechnology offers significant potential to secure or even enhance these aspects. Novel technologies, such as nanofabrication and nanoencapsulation, can provide new added value solutions for the fortification of foods with bioactives and targeted controlled release in the gut. Nanomaterials can also support food preservation aspects by being added directly into a food matrix or into food contact materials such as packaging. Thus, nanomaterials can be leveraged in the form of nanocomposites in food packaging design by melt compounding, solvent casting, lamination or electrohydrodynamic processing (EHDP) to promote passive, active, and even bioactive properties such as barrier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and oxygen scavenging roles and the controlled release of functional ingredients. These attributes can be exerted either by the intended or non-intended migration of the nanomaterials or by the active substances they may carry. Lastly, nanomaterials can be advantageously applied to provide unique opportunities in Circular Bioeconomy strategies in relation to the valorization of, for instance, agro-industrial wastes and food processing by-products.This research work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICI) project number RTI2018-097249-B-C21.Peer reviewe

Multilayer structures based on annealed electrospun biopolymer coatings of interest in water and aroma barrier fiber-based food packaging applications

In this research work, for the first time, a fiber-based packaging material was coated by annealed electrospun ultrathin fibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(vinyl alcohol), and polylactide. The resultant mono- and multilayer structures self-adhered to the paper substrate and were characterized in terms of morphology, optical, and barrier properties. Additionally, the use of a static flat plate and rotating mandrel collector as well as the application of different electrospinning deposition times were analyzed. The thermally treated electrospun biopolymers yielded totally transparent films while, due to the opaque nature of the uncoated paper substrate, the developed packaging materials were also opaque but with a glossier surface finish provided by the bioplastic coating. The annealed films obtained from random electrospun fibers, that is, the mats of ultrathin fibers collected on the static plate, presented higher transparency and thickness and also enhanced barrier performance. On the overall, the developed annealed electrospun biopolymer coatings resulted in a significant improvement of the paper barrier properties to water and limonene vapors, being the paper/poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) film the best performing multilayer packaging structure

Injection-molded parts of fully bio-based polyamide 1010 strengthened with waste derived slate fibers pretreated with glycidyl- and amino-silane coupling agents

[EN] Fully bio-based polyamide 1010 (PA1010) was melt-compounded with 15 wt% of slate fibers (SFs), which were obtained from wastes of the tile industry, and the resultant composites were shaped into parts by injection molding. The as-received fibers were first thermally treated and afterwards subjected to surface modification with glycidyl- and amino-silane coupling agents to improve the interfacial adhesion of the composites. The incorporation of both the glycidyl-silane slate fiber (G-SF) and amino-silane slate fiber (A-SF) remarkably improved the mechanical strength of PA1010, inducing a 3-fold increase in tensile modulus. The composite parts prepared with the silanized SFs also presented higher thermal stability and improved thermomechanical resistance. Water uptake was reduced below 1%, encouragingly suggesting that the mechanical performance of the PA1010/SF composites would be scarcely affected by atmospheric humidity. G-SF was the most effective in strengthening PA1010. This improvement was ascribed to the higher reactivity of the cyclic anhydride in the coupled silane with the terminal hydroxyl groups of the biopolymer.The Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities MICIU) is acknowledged for funding through the MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R and AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R projects. Quiles-Carrillo holds a FPU grant (FPU15/03812) from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) whereas Torres-Giner is a recipient of a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion contract (IJCI-2016-29675) from MICIU.Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Boronat, T.; Montanes, N.; Balart, R.; Torres-Giner, S. (2019). Injection-molded parts of fully bio-based polyamide 1010 strengthened with waste derived slate fibers pretreated with glycidyl- and amino-silane coupling agents. Polymer Testing. 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.04.022S7

Development of Electrospun Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Monolayers Containing Eugenol and Their Application in Multilayer Antimicrobial Food Packaging

[EN] In this research, different contents of eugenol in the 2.5-25 wt.% range were first incorporated into ultrathin fibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) by electrospinning and then subjected to annealing to obtain antimicrobial monolayers. The most optimal concentration of eugenol in the PHBV monolayer was 15 wt.% since it showed high electrospinnability and thermal stability and also yielded the highest bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). This eugenol-containing monolayer was then selected to be applied as an interlayer between a structural layer made of a cast-extruded poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) sheet and a commercial PHBV film as the food contact layer. The whole system was, thereafter, annealed at 160°C for 10 s to develop a novel multilayer active packaging material. The resultant multilayer showed high hydrophobicity, strong adhesion and mechanical resistance, and improved barrier properties against water vapor and limonene vapors. The antimicrobial activity of the multilayer structure was also evaluated in both open and closed systems for up to 15 days, showing significant reductions (R ¿ 1 and < 3) for the two strains of food-borne bacteria. Higher inhibition values were particularly attained against S. aureus due to the higher activity of eugenol against the cell membrane of Gram positive (G+) bacteria. The multilayer also provided the highest antimicrobial activity for the closed system, which better resembles the actual packaging and it was related to the headspace accumulation of the volatile compounds. Hence, the here-developed multilayer fully based on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) shows a great deal of potential for antimicrobial packaging applications using biodegradable materials to increase both quality and safety of food products.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICI) through the RTI2018-097249-B-C21 program number and the H2020 EU project YPACK (reference number 773872). KF-L is a recipient of a Santiago Grisolía (Ref. 0001426013N810001A201) research contract of the Valencian Government (GVA) whereas ST-G holds a Juan de la Cierva¿ Incorporación contract (IJCI-2016-29675) from MICI. The authors would also like to thank the Unidad Asociada IATA-UJI Plastics Technology.Figueroa-López, KJ.; Cabedo, L.; Lagaron, JM.; Torres Giner, S. (2020). Development of Electrospun Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Monolayers Containing Eugenol and Their Application in Multilayer Antimicrobial Food Packaging. 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Evaluation of the engineering performance of different bio-based aliphatic homopolyamide tubes prepared by profile extrusion

[EN] In the present study, three different commercial bio-based polyamides (bio-PAs), namely polyamide 610 (PA610), polyamide 1010 (PA1010), and polyamide 1012 (PA1012), were processed by profile extrusion with an annular die. These aliphatic homopolyamides, also known as "green nylons", are industrially produced by polycondensation reaction of diamines and dicarboxylic acids that are partially or fully obtained from naturally occurring castor oil. The profile-extruded bio-PA tubes were characterized and compared in terms of their thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties and also water uptake. Resultant comparative evaluation indicated that both the methylene-to-amide (CH2/CONH) ratio and the crystallinity degree of the bio-PAs played the main role in determining the performance of the tubes. Due to significant differences in their CH2/CONH ratio, the PA610 tubes showed the highest thermal properties while the tubes made of PA1012 presented the highest flexibility and lowest water uptake. Interestingly, the fully bio-based PA1010 tubes offered the most balanced and enhanced engineering performance, which was ascribed to the high crystallinity achieved during profile extrusion. The here-developed bio-PA tubes can fulfil demanding technical requirements and these also certainly represent a sustainable answer to the rising demand for new high-performance biopolymers for engineering applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This research was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness program number MAT2014-59242-C2-1-R and AG12015-63855-C2-1-R and Generalitat Valenciana (GV) program number GV/2014/008. Quiles-Carrillo wants to thank GV for financial support through a FPI grant (ACIF/2016/182) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for his FPU grant (FPU15/03812).Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Boronat, T.; Balart, R.; Torres-Giner, S. (2017). Evaluation of the engineering performance of different bio-based aliphatic homopolyamide tubes prepared by profile extrusion. Polymer Testing. 61:421-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.06.004S4214296

Enhancement of the processing window and performance of polyamide 1010/bio-based high-density polyethylene blends by melt mixing with natural additives

[EN] This work reports the enhancement of the processing window and the mechanical and thermal properties of biopolymer blends of polyamide 1010 (PA1010) and bio-based high-density polyethylene (bio-HDPE) at 70/30 (wt/wt) achieved by means of natural additives. The overall performance of the binary blend melt-mixed without additives was poor due to both the relatively low thermal stability of bio-HDPE at the processing temperatures of PA1010, that is, 210¿240 ºC, and the lack or poor miscibility between the two biopolymers. Gallic acid (GA), a natural phenolic compound, was added at 0.8 parts per hundred resin (phr) of biopolymer blend to enhance the thermal stability of the green polyolefin and therefore enlarge the processing window of the binary blend. Maleinized linseed oil (MLO), a multi-functionalized vegetable oil, was then incorporated at 5 phr to compatibilize the biopolymers and its performance was also compared with that of a conventional petroleum-derived copolymer, namely, poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PE-co-AA). The resultant biopolymer blends showed a remarkable enhancement in the thermal stability and also improved toughness when both natural additives were combined. This work can potentially serve as a sound base study for the mechanical recycling of similar blends based on bio-based but non-biodegradable polymers.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) project numbers MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R and AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R. LQ-C and ST-G are recipients of an FPU grant (FPU15/03812) from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) and a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion contract (IJCI-2016-29675) from MICIU, respectively. The microscopy services at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) are acknowledged for their help in collecting and analysing FESEM images.Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Fombuena, V.; Balart, R.; Torres-Giner, S. (2020). Enhancement of the processing window and performance of polyamide 1010/bio-based high-density polyethylene blends by melt mixing with natural additives. Polymer International. 69(1):61-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5919S6171691Carole, T. M., Pellegrino, J., & Paster, M. D. (2004). Opportunities in the Industrial Biobased Products Industry. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals Held May 4–7, 2003, in Breckenridge, CO, 871-885. doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-837-3_71OGUNNIYI, D. (2006). Castor oil: A vital industrial raw material. Bioresource Technology, 97(9), 1086-1091. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.028Kausar, A. (2017). Polyamide 1010/Polythioamide Blend Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelet for Automotive Part Application. Advances in Materials Science, 17(3), 24-36. doi:10.1515/adms-2017-0013Nishitani, Y., Kajiyama, T., & Yamanaka, T. (2017). Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on Tribological Properties of Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Plant-Derived Polyamide 1010 Biomass Composites. Materials, 10(9), 1040. doi:10.3390/ma10091040Boros, R., Rajamani, P., & Kovács, J. (2018). Thermoplastic Overmolding onto Injection-Molded and In Situ Polymerization-Based Polyamides. Materials, 11(11), 2140. doi:10.3390/ma11112140Del Nobile, M. A., Buonocore, G. G., Palmieri, L., Aldi, A., & Acierno, D. (2002). Moisture transport properties of polyamides copolymers intended for food packaging applications. Journal of Food Engineering, 53(3), 287-293. doi:10.1016/s0260-8774(01)00167-4Nishida, H. (2011). Development of materials and technologies for control of polymer recycling. 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Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 41(19), 2236-2247. doi:10.1002/polb.10582Sheng, J., Ma, H., Yuan, X.-B., Yuan, X.-Y., Shen, N.-X., & Bian, D.-C. (2000). Relation of chain constitution with phase structure in blends: compatibility of two phases in blends of polyamide with low-density polyethylene and its ionomers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 76(4), 488-494. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(20000425)76:43.0.co;2-6Garcia-Garcia, D., Ferri, J. M., Montanes, N., Lopez-Martinez, J., & Balart, R. (2016). Plasticization effects of epoxidized vegetable oils on mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Polymer International, 65(10), 1157-1164. doi:10.1002/pi.5164Mosiewicki, M. A., & Aranguren, M. I. (2015). Recent developments in plant oil based functional materials. Polymer International, 65(1), 28-38. doi:10.1002/pi.5033Quiles-Carrillo, L., Duart, S., Montanes, N., Torres-Giner, S., & Balart, R. (2018). Enhancement of the mechanical and thermal properties of injection-molded polylactide parts by the addition of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil. Materials & Design, 140, 54-63. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.031Carbonell-Verdu, A., Garcia-Garcia, D., Dominici, F., Torre, L., Sanchez-Nacher, L., & Balart, R. (2017). PLA films with improved flexibility properties by using maleinized cottonseed oil. European Polymer Journal, 91, 248-259. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.013Liu, K., Madbouly, S. A., & Kessler, M. R. (2015). Biorenewable thermosetting copolymer based on soybean oil and eugenol. European Polymer Journal, 69, 16-28. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.021Quiles-Carrillo, L., Blanes-Martínez, M. M., Montanes, N., Fenollar, O., Torres-Giner, S., & Balart, R. (2018). Reactive toughening of injection-molded polylactide pieces using maleinized hemp seed oil. European Polymer Journal, 98, 402-410. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.039Garcia-Campo, M., Quiles-Carrillo, L., Masia, J., Reig-Pérez, M., Montanes, N., & Balart, R. (2017). Environmentally Friendly Compatibilizers from Soybean Oil for Ternary Blends of Poly(lactic acid)-PLA, Poly(ε-caprolactone)-PCL and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB. Materials, 10(11), 1339. doi:10.3390/ma10111339Ferri, J. M., Garcia-Garcia, D., Sánchez-Nacher, L., Fenollar, O., & Balart, R. (2016). The effect of maleinized linseed oil (MLO) on mechanical performance of poly(lactic acid)-thermoplastic starch (PLA-TPS) blends. Carbohydrate Polymers, 147, 60-68. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.082Ferri, J. M., Garcia-Garcia, D., Montanes, N., Fenollar, O., & Balart, R. (2017). The effect of maleinized linseed oil as biobased plasticizer in poly(lactic acid)-based formulations. Polymer International, 66(6), 882-891. doi:10.1002/pi.5329Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Sammon, C., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2018). Compatibilization of highly sustainable polylactide/almond shell flour composites by reactive extrusion with maleinized linseed oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 878-888. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.062Miao, S., Wang, P., Su, Z., & Zhang, S. (2014). Vegetable-oil-based polymers as future polymeric biomaterials. Acta Biomaterialia, 10(4), 1692-1704. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.040Aguero, A., Quiles‐Carrillo, L., Jorda‐Vilaplana, A., Fenollar, O., & Montanes, N. (2019). Effect of different compatibilizers on environmentally friendly composites from poly(lactic acid) and diatomaceous earth. Polymer International, 68(5), 893-903. doi:10.1002/pi.5779Yan, M., & Yang, H. (2012). Improvement of polyamide 1010 with silica nanospheres via in situ melt polycondensation. Polymer Composites, 33(10), 1770-1776. doi:10.1002/pc.22318Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Lagaron, J. M., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2018). In Situ Compatibilization of Biopolymer Ternary Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Low-Functionality Epoxy-Based Styrene–Acrylic Oligomer. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27(1), 84-96. doi:10.1007/s10924-018-1324-2Scaffaro, R., Mistretta, M. C., La Mantia, F. P., Gleria, M., Bertani, R., Samperi, F., & Puglisi, C. (2006). On the Preparation and Characterization of Polyethylene/Polyamide Blends by Melt Processing in the Presence of an Ethylene/Acrylic Acid Copolymer and of New Phosphazene Compounds. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 207(21), 1986-1997. doi:10.1002/macp.200600332Wu, J., Chen, S., Ge, S., Miao, J., Li, J., & Zhang, Q. (2013). Preparation, properties and antioxidant activity of an active film from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin gelatin incorporated with green tea extract. Food Hydrocolloids, 32(1), 42-51. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.11.029Ambrogi, V., Cerruti, P., Carfagna, C., Malinconico, M., Marturano, V., Perrotti, M., & Persico, P. (2011). Natural antioxidants for polypropylene stabilization. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96(12), 2152-2158. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.09.015Jamshidian, M., Tehrany, E. A., Imran, M., Akhtar, M. J., Cleymand, F., & Desobry, S. (2012). Structural, mechanical and barrier properties of active PLA–antioxidant films. Journal of Food Engineering, 110(3), 380-389. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.12.034Liminana, P., Garcia-Sanoguera, D., Quiles-Carrillo, L., Balart, R., & Montanes, N. (2018). Development and characterization of environmentally friendly composites from poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and almond shell flour with different compatibilizers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 144, 153-162. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.031Halld�n, �sa, Ohlsson, B., & Wessl�n, B. (2000). Poly(ethylene-graft-ethylene oxide) (PE-PEO) and poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEAA) as compatibilizers in blends of LDPE and polyamide-6. 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Development of Sustainable and Cost-Competitive Injection-Molded Pieces of Partially Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate through the Valorization of Cotton Textile Waste

[EN] This study presents the valorization of cotton waste from the textile industry for the development of sustainable and cost-competitive biopolymer composites. The as-received linter of recycled cotton was first chopped to obtain short fibers, called recycled cotton fibers (RCFs), which were thereafter melt-compounded in a twin-screw extruder with partially bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) and shaped into pieces by injection molding. It was observed that the incorporation of RCF, in the 1¿10 wt% range, successfully increased rigidity and hardness of bio-PET. However, particularly at the highest fiber contents, the ductility and toughness of the pieces were considerably impaired due to the poor interfacial adhesion of the fibers to the biopolyester matrix. Interestingly, RCF acted as an effective nucleating agent for the bio-PET crystallization and it also increased thermal resistance. In addition, the overall dimensional stability of the pieces was improved as a function of the fiber loading. Therefore, bio-PET pieces containing 3¿5 wt% RCF presented very balanced properties in terms of mechanical strength, toughness, and thermal resistance. The resultant biopolymer composite pieces can be of interest in rigid food packaging and related applications, contributing positively to the optimization of the integrated biorefinery system design and also to the valorization of textile wastes.This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) through the AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R and MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R program numbers. L.Q.-C. wants to thank the Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) for his FPI grant (ACIF/2016/182) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for his FPU grant (FPU15/03812). S.T.-G. is a recipient of a Juan de la Cierva Incorporación contract (IJCI-2016-29675) from MICIU.Montava-Jordà, S.; Torres-Giner, S.; Ferrándiz Bou, S.; Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N. (2019). Development of Sustainable and Cost-Competitive Injection-Molded Pieces of Partially Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate through the Valorization of Cotton Textile Waste. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20(6):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061378S119206Tharanathan, R. . (2003). Biodegradable films and composite coatings: past, present and future. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 14(3), 71-78. doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00280-7Plastics in a circular economyhttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/625163/EPRS_ATA(2018)625163_EN.pdfBabu, R. P., O’Connor, K., & Seeram, R. (2013). Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Progress in Biomaterials, 2(1), 8. doi:10.1186/2194-0517-2-8Torres-Giner, S., Torres, A., Ferrándiz, M., Fombuena, V., & Balart, R. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of metal cation-exchanged zeolites and their evaluation on injection-molded pieces of bio-based high-density polyethylene. Journal of Food Safety, 37(4), e12348. doi:10.1111/jfs.12348Essabir, H., Bensalah, M. O., Rodrigue, D., Bouhfid, R., & Qaiss, A. (2016). Structural, mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based hybrid composites from waste coir residues: Fibers and shell particles. Mechanics of Materials, 93, 134-144. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.10.018Holbery, J., & Houston, D. (2006). Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications. JOM, 58(11), 80-86. doi:10.1007/s11837-006-0234-2Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Boronat, T., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2017). Evaluation of the engineering performance of different bio-based aliphatic homopolyamide tubes prepared by profile extrusion. 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Compatibilization of highly sustainable polylactide/almond shell flour composites by reactive extrusion with maleinized linseed oil

Highly sustainable composites were produced by melt compounding polylactide (PLA) with almond shell flour (ASF), a processed by-product of the food industry, at a constant weight content of 30 wt.-%. However, due to the lack of miscibility between PLA and ASF, both being raw materials obtained from crops, resultant green composite presented poor ductility and low thermal stability. To overcome this limitation, maleinized linseed oil (MLO), a multi-functionalized plant-derived additive, was originally incorporated as a reactive compatibilizer during the extrusion process. Both chemical and physical characterizations showed that 1–5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of MLO successfully serve to obtain PLA/ASF composites with improved mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties. The enhancement achieved was particularly related to a dual compatibilizing effect of plasticization in combination with melt grafting. The latter process was specifically ascribed to the formation of new carboxylic ester bonds through the reaction of the multiple maleic anhydride functionalities present in MLO with the hydroxyl groups of both the PLA terminal chains and cellulose on the ASF surface. The fully bio-based and biodegradable composites described herein give an efficient sustainable solution to upgrade agro-food wastes as well as contributing to reducing the cost of PLA-based materials

Electrospun Oxygen Scavenging Films of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Containing Palladium Nanoparticles for Active Packaging Applications

[EN] This paper reports on the development and characterization of oxygen scavenging films made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) containing palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) prepared by electrospinning followed by annealing treatment at 160 degrees C. The PdNPs were modified with the intention to optimize their dispersion and distribution in PHB by means of two different surfactants permitted for food contact applications, i.e., hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Analysis of the morphology and characterization of the chemical, thermal, mechanical, and water and limonene vapor barrier properties and the oxygen scavenging capacity of the various PHB materials were carried out. From the results, it was seen that a better dispersion and distribution was obtained using CTAB as the dispersing aid. As a result, the PHB/PdNP nanocomposites containing CTAB provided also the best oxygen scavenging performance. These films offer a significant potential as new active coating or interlayer systems for application in the design of novel active food packaging structures.This research has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, project AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R) and the EU H2020 project YPACK (reference number 773872). A.C. and S.T.-G. would like to thank the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and MINECO for her predoctoral grant (205955/2014-2) and his Juan de la Cierva contract (IJCI-2016-29675), respectively.Cherpinski, A.; Gozutok, M.; Turkoglu Sasmazel, H.; Torres-Giner, S.; Lagaron, JM. (2018). Electrospun Oxygen Scavenging Films of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Containing Palladium Nanoparticles for Active Packaging Applications. Nanomaterials. 8(7):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070469S11987Puglia, D., Fortunati, E., D’Amico, D. A., Manfredi, L. B., Cyras, V. P., & Kenny, J. M. (2014). 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